???? 據(jù)3月24日The Hydrogen Economy報(bào)道，2020年，沙特阿拉伯的國(guó)家石油公司沙特阿美(Saudi Aramco)宣布將啟動(dòng)美國(guó)以外最大的頁(yè)巖氣開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，這一消息在天然氣市場(chǎng)引發(fā)了巨大沖擊。沙特阿美表示，計(jì)劃在未來(lái)幾年斥資1100億美元開發(fā)Jafurah天然氣田，該氣田估計(jì)蘊(yùn)藏200萬(wàn)億立方英尺的天然氣。這家國(guó)有公司希望在2024年從Jafurah啟動(dòng)天然氣生產(chǎn)，到2036年達(dá)到22億立方英尺/天的天然氣銷售，并包含每天4.25億立方英尺的乙烷產(chǎn)量。
????但是，沙特阿美現(xiàn)在宣布，不再將這些天然氣以液化天然氣(LNG)的形式出口，而是將其用于制造更清潔的燃料——藍(lán)氫。
????在周一的公司財(cái)報(bào)電話會(huì)議上，沙特阿美首席執(zhí)行官告訴投資者，沙特阿美轉(zhuǎn)而發(fā)展氫氣。納賽爾表示，沙特目前的計(jì)劃是生產(chǎn)足夠的天然氣供國(guó)內(nèi)使用，以停止發(fā)電廠燃燒石油，并將剩余的天然氣轉(zhuǎn)化為氫氣。藍(lán)氫由天然氣通過蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)或自熱蒸汽重整(ATR)制成，產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳被捕獲并儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)。由于溫室氣體被捕獲，從而減輕了對(duì)地球環(huán)境的影響。
????去年，沙特阿美從沙特阿拉伯向日本出口了世界上第一批藍(lán)氨。值得一提的是，日本是一個(gè)多山的地形，該國(guó)極端的地震活動(dòng)使其不適合發(fā)展可持續(xù)的可再生能源。當(dāng)前，日本正在尋找可靠的氫燃料供應(yīng)商，沙特阿拉伯和澳大利亞在其候選名單上。
????德國(guó)表示，它需要“大量”綠氫，并希望沙特阿拉伯成為其供應(yīng)商。去年，德國(guó)內(nèi)閣承諾投資90億歐元(約合102億美元)開發(fā)氫技術(shù)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)脫碳和減少二氧化碳排放。德國(guó)計(jì)劃到2030年建立5000兆瓦的電解產(chǎn)能，到2040年再建立5000兆瓦的電解產(chǎn)能，以生產(chǎn)燃料氫。但很明顯，德國(guó)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，它無(wú)法獨(dú)自完成這個(gè)目標(biāo)。
????對(duì)德國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，幸運(yùn)的是，沙特阿拉伯正在開發(fā)世界上最大的綠氫工廠。
????沙特阿拉伯是可再生能源發(fā)電的最佳場(chǎng)所，擁有驕陽(yáng)當(dāng)空的廣袤土地和持續(xù)不斷的紅海微風(fēng)。然而，這家石油巨頭直到現(xiàn)在都沒能好好利用這些能源。
????沙特政府正在建設(shè)一座造價(jià)50億美元的綠氫工廠Helios，該工廠將于2025年投入使用，為計(jì)劃中的超級(jí)城市Neom提供能源。這個(gè)氫氣工廠將利用太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能產(chǎn)生4吉瓦的清潔能源來(lái)生產(chǎn)氫氣。
????值得一提的是，該工廠可能很快就能生產(chǎn)出比石油更便宜的氫氣。
????彭博新能源財(cái)經(jīng)(BNEF)估計(jì)，到2030年，Helios的成本可能達(dá)到每公斤1.5美元，遠(yuǎn)低于綠氫每公斤5美元的平均成本，甚至低于從天然氣裂解中獲得的灰氫的成本。沙特阿拉伯擁有熱烈的陽(yáng)光、風(fēng)能和大片未使用的土地，在綠色氫能源產(chǎn)業(yè)中享有巨大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。
????王佳晶 摘譯自 The Hydrogen Economy
????原文如下：
????Saudi Arabia Skips LNG, Bets Big On Hydrogen
????Last year, Saudi Arabia’s national oil company Saudi Aramco sent shockwaves through the natural gas markets after it announced that it was kicking off the biggest shale gas development outside of the United States. Saudi Aramco said it plans to spend $110 billion over the next couple of years to develop the Jafurah gas field, which is estimated to hold 200 trillion cubic feet of gas. The state-owned company hopes to start natural gas production from Jafurah in 2024 and reach 2.2 Bcf/d of sales gas by 2036 with an associated 425 million cubic feet per day of ethane.
????And Aramco has now announced that instead of chilling that gas and exporting it as LNG, it will instead use it to make much cleaner fuel: Blue hydrogen.
????During the company’s earnings call on Monday, Saudi Aramco CEO told investors that Aramco plans to develop its LNG sector in favor of hydrogen. Nasser said that the kingdom’s immediate plan is to produce enough natural gas for domestic use to stop burning oil in its power plants and convert the remainder into hydrogen. Blue hydrogen is made from natural gas either by Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) or Auto Thermal Reforming (ATR) with the CO2 generated captured and then stored. As the greenhouse gasses are captured, this mitigates the environmental impacts on the planet.
????Last year, Aramco made the world’s first blue ammonia shipment--from Saudi Arabia to Japan. Japan—a country whose mountainous terrain and extreme seismic activity render it unsuitable for the development of sustainable renewable energy—is looking for dependable suppliers of hydrogen fuel with Saudi Arabia and Australia on its shortlist.
????Germany has also said it needs “enormous” volumes of green hydrogen, and it hopes Saudi Arabia will be a supplier. Last year, Germany’s cabinet committed to investing €9B (about $10.2B) in hydrogen technology in a bid to decarbonize the economy and cut CO2 emissions. The government has proposed to build an electrolysis capacity of 5,000MW by 2030 and another 5,000MW by 2040 over the following decade to produce fuel hydrogen. But apparently, the European giant has realized it cannot do this alone.
????Luckily for Germany, Saudi Arabia is now developing the biggest green hydrogen plant in the world.
????$5B Green Hydrogen
????With its sun-scorched expanses and steady Red Sea breezes, Saudi Arabia is prime real estate for renewable energy generation. The oil giant has, however, failed to put all that energy into good use--until now.
????The Saudi government is building a $5 billion green hydrogen plant that will power the planned megacity of Neom when it opens in 2025. Dubbed Helios Green Fuels, the hydrogen plant will use solar and wind energy to generate 4GW of clean energy that will be used to produce hydrogen.
????But here’s the main kicker: Helios could soon produce hydrogen that’s cheaper than oil.
????Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) estimates that Helios’ costs could reach $1.50 per kilogram by 2030, way cheaper than the average cost of green hydrogen at $5 per kilogram and even cheaper than gray hydrogen made from cracking natural gas. Saudi Arabia enjoys serious competitive advantage in the green hydrogen business thanks to its perpetual sunshine, wind, and vast tracts of unused land.
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