圭亞那-蘇里南盆地是地球上迄今為止最令人振奮的石油前沿之一  

石油巨頭們正爭(zhēng)相從圭亞那-蘇里南盆地的巨大潛力中分一杯羹  

圭亞那已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)意外之財(cái)，鄰國(guó)蘇里南也在尋求從中獲利 

據(jù)油價(jià)網(wǎng)11月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，20世紀(jì)60年代至80年代，在圭亞那-蘇里南盆地鉆了一系列干井后，圭亞那和蘇里南的近海地區(qū)被全球能源公司忽視了。2015年，埃克森美孚公司在圭亞那近海面積達(dá)660萬英畝的斯塔布魯克區(qū)塊的麗莎油田的重要石油發(fā)現(xiàn)重新點(diǎn)燃了石油巨頭們的興趣。 

隨后，斯塔布魯克區(qū)塊又獲得了30多個(gè)世界級(jí)的石油發(fā)現(xiàn)，這表明圭亞那-蘇里南盆地的可采油氣資源量比美國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局以前估計(jì)的要多。美國(guó)地質(zhì)勘探局此前將這個(gè)沉積盆地評(píng)為世界上第二大最有潛力的海上盆地，認(rèn)為它與非洲西海岸近海，特別是世界一流的朱比利油田所在塔諾盆地的地質(zhì)相似。 

圭亞那巨大的石油繁榮勢(shì)頭持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，給圭亞那帶來了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)意外之財(cái)，鄰國(guó)蘇里南的政府對(duì)遲遲未能開發(fā)這個(gè)貧困國(guó)家領(lǐng)海內(nèi)的巨大油氣資源感到焦慮和憤怒。 蘇里南有望成為世界上最炙手可熱的近海石油產(chǎn)區(qū)之一。

自2020年初以來，蘇里南海上獲得了許多石油發(fā)現(xiàn)。2020年1月初，美國(guó)阿帕奇公司和擁有50%股份的合作伙伴法國(guó)道達(dá)爾能源公司在蘇里南海上第58號(hào)區(qū)塊（區(qū)塊58）的Maka Central-1井進(jìn)行了首個(gè)勘探鉆井作業(yè)，Maka Central-1井在鉆進(jìn)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了164英尺（50米）厚的輕質(zhì)原油和凝析油遠(yuǎn)景區(qū)。投資銀行摩根士丹利宣布，區(qū)塊58可能擁有65億桶可采石油資源，區(qū)塊58據(jù)信擁有穿過附近斯塔布魯克區(qū)塊的同一條石油通路。截至今年年初，阿帕奇公司和道達(dá)爾能源公司在區(qū)塊58獲得了5個(gè)商業(yè)石油發(fā)現(xiàn)。合作伙伴時(shí)下正在區(qū)塊58中鉆取Awari遠(yuǎn)景構(gòu)造，后者位于Maka Central-1井首個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的北部大約17英里處。

2020年12月，馬來西亞國(guó)家石油公司宣布，該公司和擁有50%股份的合作伙伴埃克森美孚公司在蘇里南近海第52號(hào)區(qū)塊（區(qū)塊52）鉆探的Sloanea-1勘探井發(fā)現(xiàn)了碳?xì)浠衔铩ｑR來西亞國(guó)家石油公司繼續(xù)評(píng)估這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的潛力，以及是否具有商業(yè)開發(fā)可行性。馬來西亞國(guó)家石油公司在區(qū)塊48擁有100%的股份，同時(shí)也是區(qū)塊48的運(yùn)營(yíng)商，在蘇里南海上區(qū)塊53擁有30%的股份。今年8月下旬，阿帕奇公司宣布在區(qū)塊53的Baja-1勘探井首次發(fā)現(xiàn)石油，該區(qū)塊毗鄰區(qū)塊58和區(qū)塊52。阿帕奇公司在區(qū)塊53持有45%的股份，馬來西亞國(guó)家石油公司持有30%的股份，西班牙能源公司CEPSA持有25%的股份。阿帕奇公司請(qǐng)求蘇里南國(guó)家石油公司和蘇里南油氣監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)將產(chǎn)量分成合同所允許的勘探期限延長(zhǎng)一年。如果獲得批準(zhǔn)，阿帕奇公司將有更多的時(shí)間進(jìn)行評(píng)估鉆井和其他勘探活動(dòng)，以確定發(fā)現(xiàn)的規(guī)模和范圍。 

今年10月，全球能源巨頭殼牌公司宣布部署在區(qū)塊42的Zanderji-1井發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。殼牌公司持有該區(qū)塊33.3%的股份，擔(dān)任該區(qū)塊的運(yùn)營(yíng)商，而合作伙伴赫斯公司和雪佛龍公司各持有三分之一的股份。赫斯公司表示，合作伙伴目前正在對(duì)該發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，以確定工作石油系統(tǒng)是否具有商業(yè)開發(fā)的價(jià)值。區(qū)塊42位于蘇里南近海區(qū)塊58和53的北部，靠近圭亞那近海高產(chǎn)的斯塔布魯克區(qū)塊。蘇里南近海最新發(fā)現(xiàn)的碳?xì)浠衔锿伙@出，這個(gè)前荷蘭殖民地的領(lǐng)海內(nèi)蘊(yùn)藏著巨大的潛在石油財(cái)富。

位于帕拉馬里博的蘇里南政府正急切地尋求從全球能源公司吸引更多的投資，以勘探和開發(fā)蘇里南近海的油氣資源， 這包括確立一些能源行業(yè)最慷慨的產(chǎn)量分成合同(PSC)。PSC的合同期限為30年，比其他拉美國(guó)家提供的同等合同多出10年，為石油公司提供了相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來成功開發(fā)和開采任何已發(fā)現(xiàn)的碳?xì)浠衔铩榱思鼻形緡?guó)需要的外國(guó)能源投資，蘇里南還制定了6.25%的低礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)。盡管這一礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)高于圭亞那政府為埃克森美孚公司牽頭的國(guó)際財(cái)團(tuán)開發(fā)斯塔布魯克區(qū)塊制定的2%的礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)，但這也是拉丁美洲最低的礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)之一。阿根廷的石油礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)相當(dāng)于井口產(chǎn)量的12%。在巴西，對(duì)所產(chǎn)石油征收15%的礦區(qū)使用費(fèi)，而哥倫比亞是8%～25%，厄瓜多爾是12.5%～18.5%。 

蘇里南迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的原油都是輕質(zhì)到中質(zhì)含硫量低的原油，這一事實(shí)放大了蘇里南近海原油的吸引力。這意味著它更便宜、更容易提煉成高質(zhì)量的燃料，而且與委內(nèi)瑞拉、哥倫比亞和厄瓜多爾生產(chǎn)的更重、含硫量更高的原油相比，提取它的碳成本更低。據(jù)估計(jì)，蘇里南項(xiàng)目的盈虧平衡價(jià)格為每桶40美元的布倫特原油，隨著開發(fā)力度的加大，以及重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的到位，這個(gè)價(jià)格有望進(jìn)一步下跌。由于這些原因，蘇里南近海對(duì)國(guó)際能源公司來說是一個(gè)有吸引力的投資管轄區(qū)域，特別是考慮到許多拉丁美洲國(guó)家的盈虧平衡價(jià)格要高得多。  

根據(jù)蘇里南國(guó)家石油公司（Staatsolie）公布的數(shù)據(jù)，蘇里南近海擁有高達(dá)300億桶的可采油當(dāng)量資源。Staatsolie和行業(yè)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)最近啟動(dòng)了2022/2023年新一輪德梅拉拉招標(biāo)，招標(biāo)將在2023年5月31日結(jié)束。德梅拉拉招標(biāo)包括6個(gè)區(qū)塊（區(qū)塊63到區(qū)塊68），位于蘇里南近海以及位于已發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的深水區(qū)塊的東北部。

如果蘇里南能夠適當(dāng)?shù)亻_發(fā)這一巨大的油氣潛力，這將為這個(gè)大約60萬人口的極度貧困的南美國(guó)家?guī)砭薮蟮慕?jīng)濟(jì)意外之財(cái)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，還需要克服許多障礙。最直接的障礙是阿帕奇公司和道達(dá)爾能源公司決定推遲開發(fā)區(qū)塊58的財(cái)務(wù)投資決策，原因是地震數(shù)據(jù)和鉆井?dāng)?shù)據(jù)之間存在異常現(xiàn)象。 

李峻 編譯自 油價(jià)網(wǎng)

原文如下：

Oil Majors Are Betting Big On Suriname

·     The Guyana-Suriname Basin is one of the most exciting oil frontiers on the planet.

·     Oil majors are scrambling to get in on both the basin’s massive potential. 

·     Guyana has already seen a tremendous economic windfall, and neighboring Suriname is looking to cash in as well.

After a series of dry wells were drilled in the Guyana-Suriname Basin from the 1960s through to the 1980s, offshore Guyana and Suriname were ignored by global energy companies. Interest was reignited by ExxonMobil’s discovery of the Liza oilfield in the 6.6-million-acre Stabroek Block offshore Guyana in 2015. That was followed by a swathe of over 30 world-class discoveries in the block, indicating the basin holds more recoverable hydrocarbon resources than the U.S. Geological Survey estimated. The USGS previously rated the sedimentary formation as the world’s second most prospective offshore basin, with it believed to share geology with offshore West Coast Africa, notably the Tano Basin, where the world-class Jubilee oilfield is located. Guyana’s massive oil boom, which keeps gaining momentum and delivering a tremendous economic windfall, sees the government in neighboring Suriname chafing at the bit to exploit the vast hydrocarbon wealth thought to exist in the impoverished country’s territorial waters. Suriname is poised to become one of the world's hottest offshore oil frontiers.

Since early 2020 there have been a number of oil discoveries in offshore Suriname. The first in offshore Suriname Block 58 was made by Apache and 50% partner TotalEnergies in early January 2020 at the Maka Central-1 well, which found 164 feet or 50 meters of light oil and gas condensate play. The optimism surrounding the first discovery in Block 58 saw investment bank Morgan Stanley announce that the block could contain 6.5 billion barrels of recoverable oil resources, with it believed to contain the same petroleum fairway running through the nearby Stabroek Block. By early 2022 Apache and TotalEnergies had made five commercial oil discoveries in Block 58. The partners are drilling the Awari prospect in Block 58, which is roughly 17 miles north of the first discovery in the block at the Maka Central-1 well.

In December 2020, Malaysia’s state-controlled oil company Petronas, which is the operator, announced that it and 50% partner Exxon had discovered hydrocarbons at the Sloanea-1 exploration well drilled in Block 52 offshore Suriname. Malaysia’s national oil company continues to evaluate the potential of the discovery and whether it is commercially viable to exploit. Petronas holds a 100% interest in Block 48, where it is also the operator and a 30% stake in Block 53 offshore Suriname. In late-August 2022, Apache announced the first oil discovery in Block 53, which is adjacent to Blocks 58 and 52, at the Baja-1 exploration well. Apache, which holds a 45% interest in Block 53, is the operator with the remaining 25%, after accounting for Petronas’ 30% stake, being held by Spanish energy company CEPSA. Apache has requested a one-year extension to the exploration period allowed under the production sharing contract from Staatsolie Suriname’s national oil company and hydrocarbon regulator. If approved, that will provide Apache with the additional time required to conduct appraisal drilling and other exploration activities to determine the size and scope of the discovery.

Global energy supermajor Shell, in October 2022, announced the discovery of oil at the Zanderji-1 well in Block 42. Shell which holds a 33.3% interest in the block, is the operator, while partners Hess and Chevron have a one-third interest each. According to partner Hess, the discovery is currently being evaluated to determine whether the working petroleum system found is commercially viable to exploit. Block 42 is located to the north of offshore Suriname Blocks 58 and 53 while being close to the prolific Stabroek Block in offshore Guyana. This latest hydrocarbon discovery in offshore Suriname underscores the considerable potential oil wealth that exists in the former Dutch colony’s territorial waters.

The national government in Paramaribo is feverishly seeking to attract further investment from the global energy companies needed to explore and develop offshore Suriname. This includes establishing some of the energy industry’s most generous production sharing contracts or PSCs. The 30-year PSCs, which are up to 10 years longer than equivalent contracts offered by other Latin American countries, provide oil companies with considerable time to successfully develop and exploit any hydrocarbon discoveries made. Paramaribo has also established a low royalty rate of 6.25% in order to attract urgently needed foreign energy investment. That rate, while higher than the 2% put in place by Guyana’s government for the Exxon-led consortium exploiting the Stabroek Block, is among the lowest in Latin America. Oil royalties in Argentina amount to 12% of wellhead production. In Brazil, a 15% royalty is levied on the value of the oil produced, while they from 8% to 25% in Colombia and 12.5% to 18.5% in Ecuador.

The appeal of offshore Suriname is amplified by the fact that the oil discovered to date has been light to medium with low sulfur content. That means it is cheaper and easier to refine into high-quality fuels, and there is a low carbon cost associated with its extraction compared to the heavier sourer oil grades produced in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Projects in Suriname have an estimated breakeven price of $40 per barrel Brent, which is expected to fall further as development ramps up, and vital infrastructure is put in place. For these reasons, offshore Suriname is an appealing investment jurisdiction for international energy companies, particularly when it is considered that many Latin American countries have far higher breakeven prices.

According to Staatsolie, data is has obtained points to offshore Suriname containing up to 30 billion barrels of recoverable oil equivalent resources. National oil company and industry regulator Staatsolie recently launched the 2022/2023 Demerara Bid Round with bids closing on 31 May 2023. This is comprised of six blocks, 63 to 68, in offshore Suriname located to the northeast of the existing deep-water blocks where discoveries have been made.

If Paramaribo can appropriately exploit that considerable hydrocarbon potential, it will deliver a significant economic windfall for the deeply impoverished South American country of roughly 600,000 people. For that to occur, many obstacles need to be overcome. The most immediate being Apache and TotalEnergies decision to delay making a financial investment decision for exploiting Block 58 because of anomalies between seismic and drilling data.