???? 據(jù)今日油價(jià)網(wǎng)站2月20日消息 Covid-19再次導(dǎo)致石油和天然氣行業(yè)的就業(yè)率大幅下降。盡管預(yù)計(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇到來時(shí)就業(yè)率會(huì)有所上升，但就業(yè)率基本不會(huì)回到幾年前的輝煌。然而，雷斯塔能源的一份分析報(bào)告顯示，有一個(gè)能源行業(yè)將成為新的能源就業(yè)天堂——海上風(fēng)電。到本世紀(jì)末，對(duì)海上風(fēng)電員工的需求將增加兩倍，從2020年的29.7萬個(gè)全職崗位激增86.8萬個(gè)。事實(shí)上，由于2025年的就業(yè)需求可能達(dá)到約58.9萬個(gè)崗位，招聘熱潮在本世紀(jì)中葉就已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)。
????雷斯塔能源估計(jì)，到2025年，海上風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量可能增至110吉瓦（GW），到2030年將增至250吉瓦，這種多產(chǎn)的增長需要大量熟練的員工。在雷斯塔能源的分析中，計(jì)算了全職等效（FTE）工人數(shù)量的人員需求（一人一年的全職工作，不考慮實(shí)際工作時(shí)間），并且僅包括全球海上風(fēng)電容量部署驅(qū)動(dòng)的直接和間接工作。
????直接工作涉及開發(fā)、制造、施工、安裝以及海上風(fēng)電場的運(yùn)營和維護(hù)。間接工作涉及所消耗的材料和服務(wù)，如支持海上風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的鋼鐵廠的工人、供應(yīng)機(jī)艙部件的公司的電子工人以及可再生能源監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的工作人員。
????這些工作分為建設(shè)與開發(fā)（C&D）和運(yùn)營與維護(hù)（O&M）兩類，前者通常是資本支出，后者與運(yùn)營支出有關(guān)。預(yù)計(jì)未來十年，C&D工作崗位將占就業(yè)崗位的大部分，不過隨著2030年的臨近，C&D工作崗位在總就業(yè)崗位中所占的比例將有所下降。
????與此同時(shí)，在風(fēng)電場裝機(jī)容量的推動(dòng)下，運(yùn)營和維護(hù)工作崗位在2020年占總工作崗位的7%左右，2025年將占12%左右。隨著海上風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量的快速增長，運(yùn)維將在總就業(yè)崗位中獲得更大份額。然而，C&D的角色仍將占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)典型的海上風(fēng)電場在投產(chǎn)前花費(fèi)了60-70%的資本支出，這需要一到三年的時(shí)間。
????與制造業(yè)相關(guān)的C&D角色（渦輪機(jī)、電纜、變電站和基礎(chǔ)）約占總潛力的66%，而安裝工作占10%，項(xiàng)目開發(fā)占4%。O&M在總就業(yè)潛力中增加了20%的份額。
????到2030年，渦輪制造業(yè)將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造大部分就業(yè)崗位，占總就業(yè)崗位的54%。因此，西門子歌美颯、Vestas、Goldwind和GE可再生能源等渦輪機(jī)制造商預(yù)計(jì)將在未來幾年雇傭更多勞動(dòng)力，并為更大的渦輪機(jī)建立更多工廠。
????王磊 摘譯自 今日油價(jià)
????原文如下：
????Offshore Wind Industry Looks To Add Nearly 1 Million New Jobs
????The Covid-19 downturn has once again caused employment rates to plummet in the oil and gas industry. Even though some uptick is expected when the recovery arrives, employment will never return to the glories of just a few years ago. However, there is an energy segment that will be the new hiring haven for energy jobs, a Rystad Energy analysis shows – offshore wind. Demand for offshore wind staff will triple by the end of the decade, surging to 868,000 full-time jobs from an estimated 297,000 in 2020. In fact, the hiring spree will already be visible in the middle of the decade, as jobs demand could reach about 589,000 in 2025.
????Rystad Energy estimates offshore wind installed capacity could rise to 110 gigawatts (GW) by 2025 and 250 GW by 2030. This prolific growth will require a lot of skilled employees. In our analysis we have calculated the staffing needs in the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) workers – one year of full-time employment for one person regardless of actual hours – and included only direct and indirect jobs driven by offshore wind capacity deployment globally.
????Direct jobs relate to development manufacturing, construction, installation, and the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms. Indirect jobs relate to materials and services consumed, such as workers in steel plants supporting offshore wind turbines, electronics workers at companies supplying nacelle components, and staff of renewable energy regulatory institutions.
????The jobs are grouped as construction and development (C&D) – which are typically capital expenditures – and operation and maintenance (O&M) roles – which relate to operational expenditures. The C&D jobs are expected to account for most of the employment over the next decade, although its share of the total employment decreases as we approach 2030.
????O&M jobs, meanwhile, driven by the installed capacity of wind farms, have contributed about 7% of the total job count in 2020 and will make up about 12% in 2025. With a rapid increase in offshore wind installed capacity, O&M will gain a larger share of the total jobs. C&D roles will still dominate, however, because a typical offshore wind farm spends 60-70% of its capex in the lead-up to its commissioning, which takes between one and three years.
????C&D roles related to manufacturing – turbines, cables, substations and foundations – contribute about 66% of the total potential, while installation jobs account for 10% and project development for 4%. O&M adds a 20% share to the total jobs potential.
????By 2030, turbine manufacturing will continue to create most of the jobs, accounting for 54% of the total. Therefore, turbine manufacturers such as Siemens Gamesa, Vestas, Goldwind and GE Renewable Energy are expected to employ additional labor and establish more factories for bigger turbines in the coming years.
